Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza; Dutch: ; Portuguese: ; . His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as "Benedictus".}} (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin. A forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Ibn Tufayl, and heterodox Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.Spinoza was born in Amsterdam to a Marrano family that fled Portugal for the more tolerant Dutch Republic. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning Hebrew and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his permanent expulsion from the Jewish community in 1656. Following his excommunication, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza attracted a dedicated circle of followers who gathered to discuss his writings and joined him in the intellectual pursuit of truth.
Spinoza published little to avoid persecution and bans on his books. In his ''Tractatus Theologico-Politicus'', described by Steven Nadler as "one of the most important books of Western thought", Spinoza questioned the divine origin of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of God while arguing that ecclesiastic authority should have no role in a secular, democratic state. ''Ethics'' argues for a pantheistic view of God and explores the place of human freedom in a world devoid of theological, cosmological, and political moorings. Rejecting messianism and the emphasis on the afterlife, Spinoza emphasized appreciating and valuing life for oneself and others. By advocating for individual liberty in its moral, psychological, and metaphysical dimensions, Spinoza helped establish the genre of political writing called secular theology.
Spinoza's philosophy spans nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. His friends posthumously published his works, captivating philosophers for the next two centuries. Celebrated as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, Rebecca Goldstein dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
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Der Briefwechsel des Spinoza im Urtexte by Spinoza, Benedictus de 1632-1677, Spinoza, Benedictus de 1632-1677
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Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Continens Dissertationes aliquot, Quibus ostenditur Libertatem Philosophandi non tantum salva Pietate, & Reipublicae Pace posse concedi: sed eandem n... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677, Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Benedicti de Spinoza opera quotquot reperta sunt by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1882Call Number: Loading…
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Benedicti de Spinoza Opera quae supersunt omnia by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1843Call Number: Loading…
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<<Der>> theologisch-politische Tractat Spinoza's by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1877Call Number: Loading…
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Ethic by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1894Call Number: Loading…
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Renati Des Cartes Principiorum philosophiae pars I, et II, more geometrico demonstratae by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1663Call Number: Loading…
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Tractatus theologico-politicus continens dissertationes aliquot ... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Benedict de Spinozas kurzer Tractat von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glückseligkeit by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1870Call Number: Loading…
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Benedicti de Spinoza "Korte verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelfs welstand" versio belgica : tractatuli deperditi de Deo et homine ejusque felicitate versio belgica : cum Spi... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1869Call Number: Loading…Fulltext
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[Abhandlung über die Verbesserung des Verstandes] Benedict von Spinoza's Abhandlung über die Verbesserung des Verstandes und über den Weg, auf den er am besten zur wahren Erkenntni... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Abhandlung über die Vervollkommung des Verstandes & über den Weg, auf welchem er am besten zur wahren Erkenntnis der Dinge geführt wird by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1887Call Number: Loading…Fulltext
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Tractatus theologico-politicus continens dissertationes aliquot, quibus ostenditur libertatem philosophandi non tantum salva pietate et reipublicae pace posse concedi ... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Tractatus theologico-politicus continens dissertationes aliquot ... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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<<Der>> theologisch-politische Traktat by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1886Call Number: Loading…
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Theologisch-politische Abhandlungen von Spinoza by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1826Call Number: Loading…
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Benedikt's von Spinoza theologisch-politische Abhandlungen by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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<<La>> Clef du Santuaire, par un sçavant homme de nôtre Siecle by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1678Call Number: Loading…
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Ad Benedicti de Spinoza opera quae supersunt omnia supplementum Continens tractatum hucusque ineditum de Deo et homine, tractatulum de iride, epistolas nunnullas ineditas, et ad ea... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1862Call Number: Loading…
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Benedicti de Spinoza opera quae supersunt omnia by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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