René Descartes
René Descartes ( or ; ; }} 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was paramount to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry. Descartes spent much of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army, and later becoming a central intellectual of the Dutch Golden Age. Although he served a Protestant state and was later counted as a deist by critics, Descartes was Roman Catholic.Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points. First, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him. In the opening section of the ''Passions of the Soul'', an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written on these matters before." His best known philosophical statement is "" ("I think, therefore I am"; ), found in ''Discourse on the Method'' (1637, in French and Latin, 1644) and ''Principles of Philosophy'' (1644, in Latin, 1647 in French).}} The statement has either been interpreted as a logical syllogism or as an intuitive thought.
Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The rise of early modern rationalism—as a systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history—exerted an influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (Cartesianism) and Spinoza (Spinozism). It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz who have given the "Age of Reason" its name and place in history. Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, with Descartes and Leibniz additionally contributing to a variety of scientific disciplines. Although only Leibniz is extensively recognized as a polymath, all three rationalists integrated disparate domains of knowledge into their respective works.
Descartes' ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent, being the namesake of the Cartesian coordinate system. He is credited as the father of analytic geometry—used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
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Renati Des Cartes Meditationes De Prima Philosophia, In quibus Dei existentia, & animae humanae à corpore distinctio, demonstrantur Hic adjunctae sunt variae objectiones doctorum v... by Descartes, René 1596-1650, Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Brief an [Gosuinus] Buytendyck by Descartes, René 1596-1650, Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Brief an [Constantin Huygens] by Descartes, René 1596-1650, Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Descartes Epistolae : Partim ab Auctore Latino sermone conscriptae, partim ex Gallico translatae : In quibus generis quaestiones Philosophicae tractantur, & explicantur plur... by Descartes, René 1596-1650, Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Descartes Epistolae : Partim ab Auctore Latino sermone conscriptae, partim ex Gallico translatae : In quibus generis quaestiones Philosophicae tractantur, & explicantur plur... by Descartes, René 1596-1650, Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Oeuvres by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Geometria a Renato Des Cartes anno 1637 Gallicè edita by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Oeuvres choisies de Descartes by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati des Cartes et Benedicti de Spinoza praecipua opera philosophica by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Des-Cartes musicae compendium by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Des-Cartes musicae compendium by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences Plus la dioptrique, les météores et la géométrie, qui sont des essais de cette méthode... by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences plus la dioptrique, les météores, la mechanique et la musique ... : avec des remarques e... by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Discours de la méthode, pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences Plus la dioptrique et les météores, qui sont des essais de cette méthode by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Descartes specimina philosophiae seu dissertatio de methodo rectè regendae rationis ... dioptrice et meteora : Ex Gallico translata ... emendata by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Des Cartes specimina philosophiae seu dissertatio de methodo recte regendae rationis, et veritatis in scientiis investigandae : Dioptrice, et meteora : Ex Gallico translata,... by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Descartes specimina philosophiae seu dissertatio de methodo rectè regendae rationis ... : dioptrice et meteora : Ex Gallico translata ... : Nunc denuo ... recognita ... by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Descartes epistolae by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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Renati Descartes epistolae by Descartes, René 1596-1650
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