Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza; Dutch: ; Portuguese: ; . His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as "Benedictus".}} (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin. A forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Ibn Tufayl, and heterodox Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.Spinoza was born in Amsterdam to a Marrano family that fled Portugal for the more tolerant Dutch Republic. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning Hebrew and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his permanent expulsion from the Jewish community in 1656. Following his excommunication, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza attracted a dedicated circle of followers who gathered to discuss his writings and joined him in the intellectual pursuit of truth.
Spinoza published little to avoid persecution and bans on his books. In his ''Tractatus Theologico-Politicus'', described by Steven Nadler as "one of the most important books of Western thought", Spinoza questioned the divine origin of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of God while arguing that ecclesiastic authority should have no role in a secular, democratic state. ''Ethics'' argues for a pantheistic view of God and explores the place of human freedom in a world devoid of theological, cosmological, and political moorings. Rejecting messianism and the emphasis on the afterlife, Spinoza emphasized appreciating and valuing life for oneself and others. By advocating for individual liberty in its moral, psychological, and metaphysical dimensions, Spinoza helped establish the genre of political writing called secular theology.
Spinoza's philosophy spans nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. His friends posthumously published his works, captivating philosophers for the next two centuries. Celebrated as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, Rebecca Goldstein dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
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81
Abhandlung über die Verbesserung des Verstandes by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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<<Der>> politische Traktat by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Opera by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Opera by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Kurze Abhandlung von Gott, dem Menschen und seinem Glück by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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Ethik by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1910Call Number: Loading…
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Lebensbeschreibungen und Gespräche by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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<<Die>> Ethik nach der Art der Geometrie dargestellt by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1887Call Number: Loading…
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Descartes' Prinzipien der Philosophie auf geometrische Weise begründet by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
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90
Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Continens Dissertationes aliquot, Quibus ostenditur Libertatem Philosophandi non tantum salva Pietate, & Reipublicae Pace posse concedi: sed eandem n... by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1670Call Number: Loading…
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<<Der>> theologisch-politische Traktat by Spinoza, Benedictus <<de>> 1632-1677
Published 1928Call Number: Loading…
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Sämmtliche Werke Sämmtliche Werke / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Published 1914Call Number: Loading…
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B. de Spinoza's kurzgefasste Abhandlung von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glück B. de Spinoza's kurzgefasste Abhandlung von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glück / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Published 1874Call Number: Loading…
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Zwey Abhandlungen über die Kultur des menschlichen Verstandes und über die Aristokratie und Demokratie Zwey Abhandlungen über die Kultur des menschlichen Verstandes und über die Ar... by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Benedicti de Spinoza opera quotquot reperta sunt Benedicti de Spinoza opera quotquot reperta sunt / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Published 1914Call Number: Loading…
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Briefwechsel und andere Dokumente Briefwechsel und andere Dokumente / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Published 1916Call Number: Loading…
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Ethik nach geometrischer Methode dargestellt Ethik nach geometrischer Methode dargestellt / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Der Theologisch-politische Traktat Der Theologisch-politische Traktat / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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René Descartes' Prinzipien der Philosophie. by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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