Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza; Dutch: ; Portuguese: ; . His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as "Benedictus".}} (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin. A forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Ibn Tufayl, and heterodox Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.Spinoza was born in Amsterdam to a Marrano family that fled Portugal for the more tolerant Dutch Republic. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning Hebrew and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his permanent expulsion from the Jewish community in 1656. Following his excommunication, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza attracted a dedicated circle of followers who gathered to discuss his writings and joined him in the intellectual pursuit of truth.
Spinoza published little to avoid persecution and bans on his books. In his ''Tractatus Theologico-Politicus'', described by Steven Nadler as "one of the most important books of Western thought", Spinoza questioned the divine origin of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of God while arguing that ecclesiastic authority should have no role in a secular, democratic state. ''Ethics'' argues for a pantheistic view of God and explores the place of human freedom in a world devoid of theological, cosmological, and political moorings. Rejecting messianism and the emphasis on the afterlife, Spinoza emphasized appreciating and valuing life for oneself and others. By advocating for individual liberty in its moral, psychological, and metaphysical dimensions, Spinoza helped establish the genre of political writing called secular theology.
Spinoza's philosophy spans nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. His friends posthumously published his works, captivating philosophers for the next two centuries. Celebrated as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, Rebecca Goldstein dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
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B. de Spinoza's kurzgefaßte Abhandlung von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glück aus d. Holländ. zum ersten Male ins Dt. übers. u. m. e. Vorw. begleitet v. C.Schaarschmidt by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Die Ethik by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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A treatise partly theological, and partly political Containing some few discourses, to prove that the liberty of philosophizing (that is making use of natural reason) may be allowe... by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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45
Lucii Antistii Constanti de iure ecclesiasticorum liber singularis by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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46
Benedikt von Spinoza Zwey Abhandlungen über die Kultur des menschlichen Verstandes und über die Aristokratie und Demokratie by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Spinoza's philosophische Schriften by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Continens Dissertationes aliquot, Quibus ostenditur Libertatem Philosophandi non tantum salva Pietate, & Reipublicae Pace posse concedi: sed eandem n... by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Continens Dissertationes aliquot, Quibus ostenditur Libertatem Philosophandi non tantum salva Pietate, & Reipublicae Pace posse concedi: sed eandem n... by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Continens Dissertationes aliquot, Quibus ostenditur Libertatem Philosophandi non tantum salva Pietate, & Reipublicae Pace posse concedi: sed eandem n... by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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51
René Descartes' Prinzipien der Philosophie erster und zweiter Theil by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Benedict de Spinoza's kurzer Tractat von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glückseligkeit by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Der theologisch-politische Traktat by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Reflexions Curieuses d'un Esprit des-Interessé sur Les Matieres Les plus Importantes au Salut, tant Public que Particulier by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Benedict de Spinoza's kurzer Tractat von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glückseligkeit by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Benedicti de Spinoza opera philosophica omnia by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethik by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Benedict von Spinoza's Ethik by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethics [Ethica, engl.] Transl. by George Eliot by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Spinozas philosophische Schriften by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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